Izhārnāma

Phonetics:

1. Vowels: a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ai, o, au are the natural vowels. è (ɛ), à (æ) and ò (ɔ) are common due to English influence and may be used in unassimilated loanwords but they must be explicitly indicated with accents. or italics.
2. Arabic consonants: pronounced in Urdu and Dakhni; ḳ (or q) and ğ (do not transliterate as gh to avoid conflation with घ). Can also be pronounced as k and g.
3. Schwa: present in tatsam Hindi words; to be avoided and elided via modification wherever possible.
4. Retroflex consonants: Avoid approximating English alveolar t and d as retroflex ṭ and ḍ.
5. Consonant clusters: Avoid triconsonantal and higher order consonant clusters (rty, kty, rshv, etc)

Principles of assimilation:

1. Necessity: There is no existing Hindustani word that conveys, and a neologism would sound more unnatural than borrowing.

2. Intelligibility: The donor word should already be in wide currency, or at least widely understood amongst Hindustani speakers.

3. Phonetic assimilation: The borrowing word should

4. Morphological assimilation:

Principles of neologisms:

1. Source-agnostic combination: Morphological elements from various sources can and should be combined.

2. Contextual intelligibility: Ideally, a Hindustani speaker should be able to guess what a word means, or at least be able to easily recall the meaning when encountering the word next time. This can be achieved by using .